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Parts of Speech

"The word ‘beautiful’ is a/an —?" — প্রাথমিক শিক্ষক নিয়োগ পরীক্ষার English অংশে এই ধাঁচের প্রশ্ন প্রায় নিশ্চিত, আর পুরো English grammar-এর ভিতই এই অধ্যায়। Tense, Voice, Correction — সবকিছু বুঝতে আগে জানতে হয় কোন শব্দ বাক্যে কী কাজ করছে। এই পাঠে ৮টি শ্রেণি শুধু সংজ্ঞা দিয়ে নয়, চেনার পরীক্ষা দিয়ে শেখানো হয়েছে — যাতে অচেনা শব্দও বাক্যে দেখে শনাক্ত করতে পারেন।

The classification of words according to their function in a sentence is called Parts of Speech. ইংরেজি ব্যাকরণে শব্দগুলোকে ৮টি প্রধান শ্রেণিতে ভাগ করা হয়। লক্ষ করুন — শ্রেণিটা শব্দের গায়ে লেখা থাকে না, বাক্যে তার কাজ দেখে ঠিক হয়; একই শব্দ ভিন্ন বাক্যে ভিন্ন Part of Speech হতে পারে।

মূল ধারণা — শব্দ নয়, কাজই শ্রেণি ঠিক করে: ‘water’ শব্দটি দেখুন — Water is life (noun); Please water the plants (verb!)। ‘fast’ — a fast car (adjective), he runs fast (adverb)। ‘but’ — সাধারণত conjunction, কিন্তু all but one-এ preposition। তাই "‘X’ কোন part of speech?" প্রশ্নে যদি বাক্য দেওয়া থাকে, শব্দের চেনা পরিচয় নয় — ওই বাক্যে সে কী করছে সেটাই উত্তর। এটিই এ অধ্যায়ের এক নম্বর পরীক্ষা-ফাঁদ।

Eight Parts of Speech

Part	বাংলা	Example	Function
Noun	বিশেষ্য	book, Dhaka, beauty	Name of person/place/thing
Pronoun	সর্বনাম	he, she, it, they	Used instead of a noun
Verb	ক্রিয়া	run, eat, is	Action / state of being
Adjective	বিশেষণ	good, blue, three	Qualifies a noun/pronoun
Adverb	ক্রিয়া-বিশেষণ	quickly, very, here	Modifies a verb/adj./adv.
Preposition	অব্যয়	in, on, at, to	Shows relation between words
Conjunction	সংযোজক	and, but, because	Joins words/clauses
Interjection	বিস্ময়সূচক	Oh!, Alas!, Hurrah!	Expresses sudden feeling

আধুনিক ব্যাকরণে অনেক সময় ‘Determiner’ ও ‘Article’-কে আলাদা শ্রেণিতে রাখা হয়। তবে পরীক্ষার জন্য মূল ৮টি শ্রেণিই গুরুত্বপূর্ণ।

পড়ার কৌশল: প্রতিটি শ্রেণির জন্য একটি করে চেনার প্রশ্ন মুখস্থ করুন — নাম? (noun), নামের বদলি? (pronoun), কী করা হলো? (verb), noun কেমন? (adjective), verb কেমন করে/কখন/কোথায়? (adverb), noun-এর আগে সম্পর্ক-শব্দ? (preposition), জোড়া লাগায়? (conjunction), আবেগ+! ? (interjection)। তারপর যেকোনো ইংরেজি বাক্য নিয়ে প্রতিটি শব্দে প্রশ্নগুলো প্রয়োগ করুন — দিনে দুটি বাক্য বিশ্লেষণ করলেই এক সপ্তাহে চোখ তৈরি হয়ে যাবে।

Noun (বিশেষ্য)

A noun is the name of a person, place, animal, thing, quality, action or state. উদাহরণ — Rahim, Dhaka, dog, table, honesty, dance, sleep.

Types of Noun

Type	Definition	Examples
Proper Noun	Particular name	Rahim, Dhaka, Padma, Bangladesh
Common Noun	Common to a class	boy, river, country, book
Collective Noun	Group seen as a unit	army, team, jury, family, herd
Material Noun	Substance/material	gold, water, milk, iron
Abstract Noun	Quality, action, state	honesty, beauty, childhood, sleep

Countable vs Uncountable

Countable: chair, book, boy, river — can be counted (one chair, two chairs).
Uncountable: water, milk, sugar, advice, furniture, information — cannot be pluralised normally; use ‘much’, ‘a little’, ‘a piece of’.

Number — Singular / Plural Rules

Rule	Example
Add -s	book → books; pen → pens
-s/-ss/-sh/-ch/-x/-z → -es	bus → buses; box → boxes; bench → benches
Consonant + y → -ies	baby → babies; story → stories
Vowel + y → -s	boy → boys; day → days
-f/-fe → -ves	leaf → leaves; knife → knives; wife → wives
Irregular	man → men; foot → feet; tooth → teeth; mouse → mice; child → children; ox → oxen
Latin/Greek	datum → data; analysis → analyses; criterion → criteria; phenomenon → phenomena; alumnus → alumni
Same form	sheep, deer, fish, aircraft, series, species

Gender

Masculine: father, king, actor, hero, lion
Feminine: mother, queen, actress, heroine, lioness
Common: child, friend, teacher, baby
Neuter: book, chair, tree (lifeless)

Possessive Case

Singular noun + ’s — boy’s book, Rahim’s pen
Plural ending in -s + ’ — boys’ school, girls’ hostel
Irregular plural + ’s — children’s park, men’s club
Inanimate things — usually ‘of’ — the roof of the house (not the house’s roof)

চেনার অনুশীলন: ‘The poor deserve our help’ — এখানে ‘poor’ কী?

ধাপ ১: ‘poor’ চেনা adjective — কিন্তু এখানে সে কোনো noun-কে qualify করছে না।

ধাপ ২: ‘The + adjective’ গঠনে adjective-টি পুরো একটি শ্রেণিকে বোঝায় — the poor = গরিবরা, the rich = ধনীরা।

ধাপ ৩: বাক্যে সে subject-এর কাজ করছে (deserve-এর কর্তা) — অর্থাৎ noun-এর কাজ।

সিদ্ধান্ত: এখানে ‘poor’ = noun (plural common noun-এর মতো আচরণ)। ‘The + adjective’ ফাঁদটি পরীক্ষায় খুব আসে — the blind, the dead, the unemployed সবই noun।

Uncountable ফাঁদ-শব্দ: advice, information, furniture, news, scenery, bread, work, hair, luggage, knowledge — এগুলোর plural হয় না, আগে a/an বসে না। ‘an advice’ ✗ → ‘a piece of advice’ ✓; ‘informations’ ✗। আর ‘news’ দেখতে plural হলেও singular verb নেয়: ‘The news is good.’ Correction-প্রশ্নের নিয়মিত অতিথি এরা।

Pronoun (সর্বনাম)

A pronoun is a word used instead of a noun. উদাহরণ — he, she, it, they, who, what, this, that, myself.

Types of Pronoun

Type	Examples
Personal	I, we, you, he, she, it, they
Possessive	my, mine, our, ours, your, yours, his, her, hers, its, their, theirs
Reflexive	myself, ourselves, yourself, yourselves, himself, herself, itself, themselves
Emphatic	myself, himself, etc. (used for emphasis — ‘I myself did it’)
Demonstrative	this, that, these, those
Indefinite	some, any, all, none, few, many, several, one, somebody, anyone
Distributive	each, every, either, neither
Relative	who, whom, whose, which, that, what
Interrogative	who?, whom?, whose?, what?, which?
Reciprocal	each other, one another

Personal Pronoun Forms

Person	Subject	Object	Possessive Adj.	Possessive Pronoun	Reflexive
1st sg	I	me	my	mine	myself
1st pl	we	us	our	ours	ourselves
2nd	you	you	your	yours	yourself/-selves
3rd m	he	him	his	his	himself
3rd f	she	her	her	hers	herself
3rd n	it	it	its	—	itself
3rd pl	they	them	their	theirs	themselves

Reflexive vs Emphatic

Reflexive — verb এর object রূপে; subject = object. ‘He hurt himself.’
Emphatic — জোর দিতে ব্যবহৃত, সরিয়ে নিলেও বাক্য অর্থপূর্ণ। ‘I myself went there.’

Verb (ক্রিয়া)

A verb is a word that expresses an action, occurrence or state of being. উদাহরণ — run, eat, is, become, seem.

Classification

Type	Definition	Examples
Main / Principal	Carry main meaning	read, write, run
Auxiliary / Helping	Help main verb	am, is, are, was, were, have, has, had, do, does, did, will, shall
Modal Auxiliary	Express possibility/permission/obligation	can, could, may, might, must, should, would, ought to, need, dare
Transitive	Needs an object	He reads a book.
Intransitive	No object	The baby sleeps.
Linking / Copulative	Links subject to complement	is, am, are, become, seem, look, feel
Finite	Limited by subject/tense	He writes.
Non-finite	Not limited — infinitive, gerund, participle	to write, writing, written
Regular	Add -ed for past/PP	play → played → played
Irregular	Different forms	go → went → gone; eat → ate → eaten

Common Irregular Verbs

V1	V2 (Past)	V3 (Past Participle)
be	was/were	been
go	went	gone
do	did	done
have	had	had
say	said	said
see	saw	seen
come	came	come
get	got	got/gotten
give	gave	given
find	found	found
take	took	taken
think	thought	thought
know	knew	known
begin	began	begun
break	broke	broken
choose	chose	chosen
write	wrote	written
speak	spoke	spoken
swim	swam	swum
lay (to put)	laid	laid
lie (to recline)	lay	lain
lie (to tell a lie)	lied	lied

lay–lie জট (পরীক্ষার প্রিয়): lay (রাখা, object লাগে): lay–laid–laid — ‘She laid the book on the table.’ lie (শোয়া, object নেই): lie–lay–lain — ‘He lay on the bed yesterday.’ lie (মিথ্যা বলা): lie–lied–lied। ধাঁধাটা হলো — ‘শোয়া’-র past form (lay) দেখতে ‘রাখা’-র present form-এর মতো! মনে রাখুন: object থাকলে laid, না থাকলে lay/lain।

Transitive না Intransitive — এক প্রশ্নে যাচাই

ধাপ ১: verb-কে জিজ্ঞেস করুন ‘কী?’ বা ‘কাকে?’।

ধাপ ২: ‘He reads a book’ — কী পড়ে? উত্তর আছে → transitive। ‘The baby sleeps’ — কী ঘুমায়? উত্তর নেই → intransitive।

ধাপ ৩: অনেক verb দুই-ই হয়: ‘The bell rings’ (intransitive) কিন্তু ‘He rings the bell’ (transitive)। তাই বাক্য দেখে সিদ্ধান্ত নিন — বাংলা কারক অধ্যায়ের ‘ক্রিয়াকে প্রশ্ন’ কৌশলটিই এখানে হুবহু কাজ করে।

Adjective ও Adverb

Adjective (বিশেষণ)

A word that qualifies a noun or pronoun. উদাহরণ — good, blue, three, beautiful.

Types

Qualitative / Descriptive: good, kind, tall, beautiful
Quantitative: some, much, little, enough, no
Numerical (Cardinal/Ordinal): one, first, second, three
Demonstrative: this, that, these, those
Distributive: each, every, either, neither
Interrogative: which?, what? (used before nouns)
Possessive: my, your, his, her, our, their
Proper: Indian, Bengali, English

Degrees of Comparison

Positive	Comparative	Superlative
tall	taller	tallest
good	better	best
bad	worse	worst
many/much	more	most
little	less	least
far	farther/further	farthest/furthest
old	older/elder	oldest/eldest
beautiful	more beautiful	most beautiful

Latin-comparatives: superior, inferior, junior, senior, prior, anterior, posterior, preferable — এদের পরে ‘than’ নয়, ‘to’ বসে। উদাহরণ: ‘He is senior to me’ (senior than ✗)।

elder/older আর farther/further কেন দুটি করে রূপ: elder/eldest শুধু পরিবারের সদস্যদের বেলায় এবং কেবল noun-এর আগে (my elder brother); ‘than’-এর সঙ্গে চলে না — তখন older (He is older than me)। farther = ভৌত দূরত্ব (farther down the road), further = পরিমাণ/মাত্রা-গত ‘আরও’ (further information)। পার্থক্যের যুক্তি: far-এর আদি রূপ থেকে দূরত্ব-অর্থ farther-এ, বিমূর্ত অর্থ further-এ ভাগ হয়ে গেছে।

Adverb (ক্রিয়া-বিশেষণ)

A word that modifies a verb, adjective, or another adverb. উদাহরণ — quickly, very, here, now.

Types

Manner: quickly, slowly, well, carefully
Place: here, there, everywhere, abroad
Time: now, today, soon, already, yet
Frequency: always, often, sometimes, never, rarely
Degree: very, too, quite, almost, enough
Affirmation/Negation: yes, indeed, certainly, not, never
Interrogative: when?, where?, why?, how?
Relative: when, where, why (in clauses)

Adverb Position

Frequency adverbs — before main verb, after ‘be’: ‘She always comes early.’ / ‘He is always late.’
Manner — usually after verb/object: ‘She sings beautifully.’
‘Enough’ — after adjective/adverb: ‘He is tall enough.’
‘Too’ — before adj./adv.: ‘too tired to walk’

Preposition

A preposition is a word placed before a noun/pronoun to show its relation to another word. উদাহরণ — in, on, at, by, with, for, of, to, from, into, through.

Common Preposition Uses

Preposition	Use	Example
in	large area, months, years, parts of day	in Dhaka, in May, in 2026, in the morning
on	days, dates, surfaces	on Monday, on June 5, on the table
at	specific time/place	at 5 pm, at the door, at home
by	agent, time-limit, means	by Rahim, by 5 pm, by bus
with	instrument, accompaniment	with a pen, with a friend
for	duration, purpose	for 3 days, for study
since	specific point of time	since 2020, since Monday
between	two persons/things	between you and me
among	more than two	among the students
into	movement to inside	jumped into the river
through	from end to end	through the tunnel
across	from one side to other	across the river

Important Prepositional Verbs (Appropriate Prepositions)

abide by — মান্য করা; abstain from — বিরত থাকা
accuse of — অভিযুক্ত করা; admit to/into — ভর্তি
afraid of; aware of; ashamed of
angry with someone, at something
compare to (similarity), with (contrast)
complain to sb about sth
congratulate sb on sth
depend on/upon; differ from (in opinion), with (a person)
die of disease, from wound, by violence, for a cause
familiar with; famous for; fond of; full of
good at; jealous of; kind to; key to; married to
look at (towards), after (care for), for (search), into (investigate)
prefer A to B; suffer from; sympathize with

Special Notes

‘in time’ = early enough; ‘on time’ = punctual
‘at the end of’ = শেষে; ‘in the end’ = অবশেষে
‘by mistake’; ‘in a hurry’; ‘on foot’; ‘at risk’

Conjunction ও Interjection

Conjunction (সংযোজক)

A conjunction joins words, phrases or clauses. উদাহরণ — and, but, or, yet, so, because, although, if.

Types

Type	Examples	Use
Coordinating	and, but, or, nor, for, yet, so (FANBOYS)	Joins equal elements
Subordinating	because, although, if, when, while, since, until, unless	Joins dependent clause to main
Correlative	either/or, neither/nor, both/and, not only/but also, whether/or	Used in pairs

Important Pairs / Idiomatic Use

No sooner ... than: No sooner had he arrived than the bell rang.
Hardly/Scarcely ... when/before: Hardly had I gone out when it began to rain.
Not only ... but also: She is not only beautiful but also intelligent.
Both ... and: Both Ram and Shyam came.
Either ... or / Neither ... nor: Either you or I am wrong. Neither he nor she came.
So ... that / Such ... that: He is so weak that he cannot walk. It is such a fine day that we can go out.
Lest ... should: Walk carefully lest you should fall.

Interjection (বিস্ময়সূচক অব্যয়)

A word used to express sudden emotion or feeling. সাধারণত ! চিহ্নের সাথে ব্যবহৃত হয়।

Joy: Hurrah!, Bravo!, Hurray!
Sorrow: Alas!, Oh!
Surprise: Oh!, Ah!, What!, Indeed!
Disgust: Fie!, Ugh!
Greeting/Calling: Hello!, Hi!, Hey!
Approval: Well done!, Bravo!

সাধারণ ভুল ও সতর্কতা

ভুল ১ — শব্দ দেখে শ্রেণি বলা, বাক্য না দেখে: ‘fast, early, hard, late’ — adjective-ও হয়, adverb-ও হয় (a hard question / he works hard)। ‘round, near, since, before’ — চার-পাঁচ রকম শ্রেণিতে বসে। প্রশ্নে বাক্য থাকলে অবশ্যই বাক্যের ভেতরের কাজটাই ধরুন।

ভুল ২ — adjective-এর জায়গায় adverb (বা উল্টো): linking verb (be, seem, look, feel, taste, smell, become)-এর পরে adjective বসে, adverb নয় — ‘The flower smells sweet’ (sweetly ✗), ‘I feel bad’ (badly ✗)। কারণ এখানে verb-টি কাজ নয়, অবস্থা বোঝায় — বিশেষণটা subject-এর, verb-এর নয়।

ভুল ৩ — double comparative/superlative: ‘more better’ ✗, ‘most tallest’ ✗ — একবারই তুলনা হয়। আর ‘prefer’-এর সঙ্গে than নয়: ‘I prefer tea to coffee.’

ভুল ৪ — ‘its’ বনাম ‘it’s’: its = possessive (The dog wagged its tail); it’s = it is/it has-এর সংক্ষেপ। possessive pronoun-এ কখনো apostrophe নেই — yours, hers, theirs, ours (your’s ✗)।

ভুল ৫ — collective noun-এর verb: দলকে এক ইউনিট ভাবলে singular — ‘The jury has given its verdict’; সদস্যদের আলাদা ভাবলে plural — ‘The jury were divided in their opinions’। প্রশ্নের বাক্যে ‘divided/among themselves’ জাতীয় সূত্র থাকলে plural উত্তর।

ভুল ৬ — ‘each other’ আর ‘one another’: প্রথাগত নিয়মে দুজনে each other, দুইয়ের বেশি হলে one another — ‘The two brothers love each other’; ‘The students helped one another.’

দ্রুত সমাধানের কৌশল

কৌশল ১ — suffix দেখে শ্রেণি আন্দাজ: -tion/-ment/-ness/-hood/-ship/-ance = noun | -ful/-less/-ous/-ive/-able/-al = adjective | -ly = adverb (বেশিরভাগ) | -ify/-ize/-en = verb। ‘beautiful’ → -ful → adjective; ‘beautify’ → verb; ‘beautifully’ → adverb; ‘beauty’ → noun। এক শব্দ-পরিবার ধরে চারটি রূপ শিখুন — চার প্রশ্নের উত্তর একসাথে।

কৌশল ২ — ‘-ly’ ব্যতিক্রম মুখস্থ: friendly, lovely, lonely, ugly, holy, costly, manly, silly — দেখতে adverb, আসলে adjective! আর fast, hard, early, late — -ly ছাড়াই adverb হয়। এই দুই তালিকাই ‘-ly’ ফাঁদের সম্পূর্ণ উত্তর।

কৌশল ৩ — FANBOYS ও পজিশন-টেস্ট: Coordinating conjunction মাত্র ৭টি — For, And, Nor, But, Or, Yet, So। বাকি জোড়া-লাগানো শব্দ প্রায় সবই subordinating। আর preposition চিনতে দেখুন — পরে noun/pronoun আছে কি? ‘He came after me’ (preposition) বনাম ‘He came after I had left’ (conjunction — পরে clause)।

কৌশল ৪ — appropriate preposition ছোট গল্পে: die of রোগ, from ক্ষত, for দেশ; angry with মানুষ, at ঘটনা; compare to ভিন্ন-জাতের সঙ্গে (জীবনকে নদীর সঙ্গে), with সম-জাতের সঙ্গে (ঢাকাকে চট্টগ্রামের সঙ্গে)। যুক্তি ধরলে তালিকা অর্ধেক ছোট হয়ে যায়।

তথ্যের সারসংক্ষেপ

Parts of Speech — 8; কেউ Article-সহ ৯ বলেন
Noun — proper, common, collective, material, abstract
Pronoun — 10 types (personal থেকে reciprocal পর্যন্ত)
Verb — main + auxiliary; auxiliary দুই প্রকার — primary (be/have/do) ও modal (can/may/must …)
Adjective — 8 types; degrees of comparison ৩ (positive, comparative, superlative)
‘Senior, junior, superior, inferior, prior’ — followed by ‘to’
Adverb — manner, place, time, frequency, degree, affirmation, interrogative, relative
Preposition — ‘in’ (large), ‘on’ (date/surface), ‘at’ (specific point)
FANBOYS — for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so
‘No sooner ... than’, ‘Hardly ... when’, ‘Not only ... but also’ — correlative
Reflexive — verb-এর object রূপে; Emphatic — জোর দিতে
Linking verbs: be, become, seem, appear, look, feel, sound, taste, smell
Irregular plural: child → children; mouse → mice; ox → oxen; foot → feet
Same singular/plural: sheep, deer, fish, aircraft, species
Lay (put) → laid → laid; Lie (recline) → lay → lain; Lie (untruth) → lied → lied

প্রশ্ন ও উত্তর (১০০+ MCQ)

1. How many parts of speech are there in English?

(a) 6 (b) 7 (c) 8 (d) 9

Ans: (c) 8

2. ‘Dhaka’ is a —

(a) Common noun (b) Proper noun (c) Collective (d) Abstract

Ans: (b) Proper noun

3. ‘Army’ is a —

(a) Common (b) Material (c) Collective (d) Abstract

Ans: (c) Collective noun

4. ‘Honesty’ is a —

(a) Common (b) Abstract (c) Material (d) Collective

Ans: (b) Abstract noun

5. ‘Gold’ is a —

(a) Material (b) Common (c) Abstract (d) Collective

Ans: (a) Material noun

6. Plural of ‘mouse’?

(a) mouses (b) mice (c) mouse (d) mices

Ans: (b) mice

7. Plural of ‘ox’?

(a) oxes (b) oxen (c) oxs (d) oxies

Ans: (b) oxen

8. Plural of ‘criterion’?

(a) criterions (b) criteria (c) criterias (d) criterion

Ans: (b) criteria

9. Plural of ‘phenomenon’?

(a) phenomenons (b) phenomena (c) phenomenas (d) phenomenae

Ans: (b) phenomena

10. Plural of ‘sheep’?

(a) sheeps (b) sheepes (c) sheep (d) sheepy

Ans: (c) sheep

11. Plural of ‘leaf’?

(a) leafs (b) leaves (c) leaf (d) leafies

Ans: (b) leaves

12. Plural of ‘analysis’?

(a) analysises (b) analyses (c) analysis (d) analysiss

Ans: (b) analyses

13. Feminine of ‘hero’?

(a) heroine (b) heros (c) heriness (d) heres

Ans: (a) heroine

14. Feminine of ‘horse’?

(a) horsess (b) mare (c) mareess (d) heriness

Ans: (b) mare

15. Masculine of ‘queen’?

(a) king (b) ruler (c) prince (d) lord

Ans: (a) king

16. Choose the abstract noun: She is a girl of great ? .

(a) honest (b) honesty (c) honestly (d) honesteness

Ans: (b) honesty

17. ‘Furniture’ is —

(a) Countable (b) Uncountable (c) Both (d) Plural only

Ans: (b) Uncountable

18. ‘News’ is —

(a) Singular (b) Plural (c) Both (d) Neither

Ans: (a) Singular (treated as singular)

19. ‘Information’ — usage?

(a) an information (b) informations (c) a piece of information (d) two information

Ans: (c) a piece of information (uncountable)

20. Possessive of ‘boys’ (plural)?

(a) boy’s (b) boys’ (c) boys’s (d) boy’s’s

Ans: (b) boys’

21. Possessive of ‘children’?

(a) children’s (b) childrens’ (c) childrens (d) children’

Ans: (a) children’s

22. Reflexive pronoun for ‘they’?

(a) theirself (b) themself (c) themselves (d) themselv

Ans: (c) themselves

23. Reflexive pronoun for ‘you’ (plural)?

(a) yourself (b) yourselves (c) yours (d) youself

Ans: (b) yourselves

24. ‘This’ is a —

(a) Personal (b) Demonstrative (c) Reflexive (d) Distributive

Ans: (b) Demonstrative

25. ‘Each, every, either, neither’ — type?

(a) Distributive (b) Demonstrative (c) Indefinite (d) Relative

Ans: (a) Distributive

26. ‘Who, whom, whose, which, that’ — type?

(a) Relative (b) Interrogative (c) Demonstrative (d) Indefinite

Ans: (a) Relative pronouns

27. ‘Each other’ vs ‘one another’?

(a) two persons / more than two (b) same (c) reverse (d) none

Ans: (a) each other — between two; one another — more than two

28. ‘He hurt ?’ — fill in.

(a) him (b) himself (c) his (d) his own

Ans: (b) himself (reflexive)

29. ‘I myself saw it’ — ‘myself’ is —

(a) Reflexive (b) Emphatic (c) Possessive (d) Demonstrative

Ans: (b) Emphatic

30. Modal verbs include —

(a) can, may, must (b) is, am, are (c) have, has, had (d) do, does, did

Ans: (a)

31. ‘Can’ expresses —

(a) Ability/possibility (b) Past (c) Obligation (d) Permission denial

Ans: (a)

32. ‘Must’ expresses —

(a) Strong obligation (b) Ability (c) Permission (d) Possibility

Ans: (a) Strong obligation

33. ‘Ought to’ expresses —

(a) Moral obligation (b) Ability (c) Past tense (d) Possibility

Ans: (a)

34. Transitive verb needs —

(a) Subject (b) Object (c) Complement (d) Adverb

Ans: (b) Object

35. ‘He sleeps’ — type of verb?

(a) Transitive (b) Intransitive (c) Linking (d) Auxiliary

Ans: (b) Intransitive

36. ‘She is beautiful’ — ‘is’ is —

(a) Auxiliary (b) Linking (c) Main (d) Modal

Ans: (b) Linking

37. ‘To write’ — type?

(a) Finite (b) Infinitive — non-finite (c) Gerund (d) Participle

Ans: (b)

38. ‘Writing is fun’ — ‘writing’ is —

(a) Gerund (b) Participle (c) Infinitive (d) Verb

Ans: (a) Gerund (acts as noun)

39. Past of ‘begin’?

(a) began (b) begun (c) begined (d) begand

Ans: (a) began

40. Past participle of ‘speak’?

(a) spoke (b) spoken (c) speaked (d) speaking

Ans: (b) spoken

41. Past of ‘lay’ (to put)?

(a) laid (b) lain (c) lay (d) layed

Ans: (a) laid

42. Past of ‘lie’ (to recline)?

(a) laid (b) lay (c) lied (d) lain

Ans: (b) lay

43. Past participle of ‘lie’ (recline)?

(a) laid (b) lay (c) lain (d) lied

Ans: (c) lain

44. ‘Beautiful’ — comparative?

(a) beautifuler (b) more beautiful (c) most beautiful (d) beautifullest

Ans: (b) more beautiful

45. Superlative of ‘bad’?

(a) badder (b) worst (c) worse (d) baddest

Ans: (b) worst

46. Comparative of ‘little’?

(a) littler (b) less (c) lesser (d) least

Ans: (b) less

47. Superlative of ‘much’?

(a) more (b) most (c) muchest (d) lots

Ans: (b) most

48. He is junior ? me.

(a) than (b) to (c) from (d) of

Ans: (b) to

49. She is superior ? her sister.

(a) than (b) to (c) over (d) from

Ans: (b) to

50. ‘Prefer X to Y’ — preposition?

(a) than (b) to (c) over (d) from

Ans: (b) to

51. ‘Quickly, slowly’ — type of adverb?

(a) Manner (b) Place (c) Time (d) Degree

Ans: (a) Manner

52. ‘Always, often, never’ — type?

(a) Frequency (b) Manner (c) Time (d) Place

Ans: (a) Frequency

53. ‘Very, too, quite’ — type?

(a) Degree (b) Manner (c) Place (d) Time

Ans: (a) Degree

54. ‘He is ? tired to walk.’

(a) so (b) too (c) very (d) much

Ans: (b) too

55. ‘She is tall ? to reach the shelf.’

(a) too (b) very (c) enough (d) so

Ans: (c) enough

56. He is fond ? music.

(a) of (b) for (c) to (d) with

Ans: (a) of

57. She is good ? mathematics.

(a) in (b) at (c) on (d) of

Ans: (b) at

58. He is angry ? me.

(a) on (b) with (c) at (d) of

Ans: (b) with

59. He died ? cholera.

(a) of (b) from (c) by (d) for

Ans: (a) of (disease)

60. He died ? his country.

(a) of (b) for (c) by (d) from

Ans: (b) for (cause)

61. Distribute the sweets ? the children.

(a) between (b) among (c) in (d) by

Ans: (b) among

62. Divide the apple ? the two boys.

(a) between (b) among (c) in (d) over

Ans: (a) between

63. ‘He has been ill ? Monday.’

(a) for (b) since (c) from (d) on

Ans: (b) since

64. ‘He has been ill ? three days.’

(a) for (b) since (c) from (d) by

Ans: (a) for

65. ‘He is jealous ? me.’

(a) on (b) of (c) with (d) at

Ans: (b) of

66. ‘He is married ? her.’

(a) with (b) to (c) of (d) by

Ans: (b) to

67. ‘Look ? the baby.’ (care)

(a) at (b) for (c) after (d) into

Ans: (c) after

68. ‘Look ? the matter.’ (investigate)

(a) at (b) for (c) into (d) after

Ans: (c) into

69. ‘FANBOYS’ stands for —

(a) Coordinating conjunctions (b) Subordinating (c) Correlative (d) None

Ans: (a) for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so

70. ‘No sooner had I reached ? the bell rang.’

(a) when (b) than (c) before (d) after

Ans: (b) than

71. ‘Hardly had he come ? the bell rang.’

(a) than (b) when (c) before (d) after

Ans: (b) when

72. ‘Either you ? he is guilty.’

(a) and (b) or (c) nor (d) but

Ans: (b) or

73. ‘Neither he ? she came.’

(a) or (b) nor (c) and (d) but

Ans: (b) nor

74. ‘Not only he ? she came.’

(a) and also (b) but also (c) but (d) yet

Ans: (b) but also

75. ‘Walk fast ? you should miss the train.’

(a) so that (b) lest (c) unless (d) because

Ans: (b) lest

76. ‘He is so weak ? he can hardly walk.’

(a) that (b) so that (c) than (d) which

Ans: (a) that

77. ‘It is such a fine day ? we should go out.’

(a) so (b) that (c) than (d) which

Ans: (b) that

78. ‘Bravo!’ is —

(a) Conjunction (b) Adverb (c) Interjection (d) Verb

Ans: (c) Interjection

79. ‘Alas!’ expresses —

(a) Joy (b) Sorrow (c) Surprise (d) Disgust

Ans: (b) Sorrow

80. ‘Hurrah!’ expresses —

(a) Joy (b) Sorrow (c) Disgust (d) Greeting

Ans: (a) Joy

81. ‘Fie!’ expresses —

(a) Joy (b) Sorrow (c) Disgust (d) Surprise

Ans: (c) Disgust

82. ‘He came ? bus.’

(a) on (b) by (c) at (d) in

Ans: (b) by

83. ‘He came ? foot.’

(a) on (b) by (c) at (d) with

Ans: (a) on

84. He congratulated me ? my success.

(a) for (b) on (c) at (d) of

Ans: (b) on

85. He depends ? his parents.

(a) on (b) of (c) for (d) at

Ans: (a) on

86. He is suffering ? fever.

(a) of (b) from (c) by (d) with

Ans: (b) from

87. ‘Abide by’ means —

(a) Obey (b) Refuse (c) Avoid (d) Stay

Ans: (a) Obey

88. ‘Abstain from’ means —

(a) Take part (b) Refrain (c) Allow (d) Encourage

Ans: (b) Refrain

89. ‘He is the key ? success.’

(a) of (b) to (c) for (d) at

Ans: (b) to

90. ‘He is in ? hurry.’

(a) the (b) a (c) an (d) no article

Ans: (b) a

91. Linking verb is —

(a) read (b) eat (c) become (d) run

Ans: (c) become

92. Choose adverb: ‘He runs ?.’

(a) quick (b) quickly (c) quickness (d) quicker

Ans: (b) quickly

93. Choose adjective: ‘She is a ? singer.’

(a) beautiful (b) beautifully (c) beauty (d) beautify

Ans: (a) beautiful

94. ‘He is the man ? won the prize.’

(a) which (b) who (c) whom (d) whose

Ans: (b) who

95. ‘This is the book ? I bought.’

(a) who (b) whom (c) which (d) whose

Ans: (c) which

96. ‘? is your name?’

(a) Who (b) What (c) Which (d) Whom

Ans: (b) What

97. ‘? did you see?’ (person)

(a) Who (b) Whom (c) Which (d) What

Ans: (b) Whom

98. Adverb of ‘happy’?

(a) happyly (b) happily (c) happy (d) happyness

Ans: (b) happily

99. Noun form of ‘happy’?

(a) happily (b) happiness (c) happier (d) happiest

Ans: (b) happiness

100. Verb form of ‘able’?

(a) ability (b) enable (c) ably (d) ablest

Ans: (b) enable

101. ‘Knowledge’ is a noun. Its adjective form?

(a) knowing (b) knowledgeable (c) known (d) knower

Ans: (b) knowledgeable

102. ‘Beauty’ — verb form?

(a) beautiful (b) beautify (c) beautifully (d) beautician

Ans: (b) beautify

103. Identify the abstract noun: ‘Childhood is the happiest period.’

(a) Childhood (b) period (c) happiest (d) the

Ans: (a) Childhood

104. ‘He is older ? me.’

(a) than (b) to (c) from (d) of

Ans: (a) than

105. ‘He is the eldest ? three brothers.’

(a) of (b) than (c) in (d) among

Ans: (a) of